Fulfilling Vows to Walk
1 Yahya related to me from Malik from Ibn Shihab from 'Ubaydullah ibn
'Abdullah ibn 'Utba ibn Mas'ud from 'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas that Sa'd ibn 'Ubada
questioned the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him may Allah bless him and
grant him peace, and said, "My mother died while she still had a vow which she
had not fulfilled." The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him
peace, said, "Fulfil it for her."
[Bukhari and Muslim]
2 Yahya related to me from Malik from 'Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr that his
paternal aunt related that her grandmother made a vow to walk to the Quba
mosque. She died and did not fulfil it, so 'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas asked her
daughter to walk for her.
Yahya said that he had heard Malik say, "No one can walk for anyone else."
3 Yahya related to me from Malik that 'Abdullah ibn Abi Habiba said, "I said
to a man when I was young, 'A man who only says that he must walk to the House
of Allah and does not say that he has vowed to walk, does not have to walk.'
A man said, 'Shall I give you this small cucumber?' and he had a small
cucumber in his hand, 'and you will say, "I must walk to the House of Allah?" '
I said, 'Yes,' and I said it, for at that time I was still immature. Then, when
I came of age, someone told me that I had to fulfil my vow. I went and asked
Sa'id ibn al-Musayyab about it, and he said to me, 'You must walk.' So I
walked."
Malik said, "That is the custom among us."
22.2 Making Vows to Walk to the House and Not Succeeding
4 Yahya related to me from Malik that 'Urwa ibn 'Udhayna al-Laythi said, "I
went out with my grandmother who had vowed to walk to the House of Allah. When
we had gone part of the way, she could not go on. I sent one of her mawlas to
question 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar and went with him. He asked 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar,
and 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar said to him, 'Take her and let her ride, and when she
has the strength let her ride back, and start to walk from the place from where
she was unable to go on.' "
Yahya said that he had heard Malik say, "I think that she must sacrifice an
animal."
Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard that Sa'id ibn al-Musayyab
and Abu Salama ibn 'Abd ar-Rahman both said the same as 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar.
5 Yahya related to me from Malik that Yahya ibn Sa'id said, "I vowed to walk,
but I was struck by a pain in the kidney, so I rode until I came to Makka. I
questioned 'Ata' ibn Abi Rabah and others, and they said, 'You must sacrifice an
animal.' When I came to Madina I questioned the scholars there, and they told me
to walk again from the place from which I was unable to go on. So I walked."
Yahya said that he had heard Malik say, "What is done among us regarding
someone who makes a vow to walk to the House of Allah, and then cannot do it and
so rides, is that he must return and walk from the place from which he was
unable to go on. If he cannot walk, he should walk what he can and then ride,
and he must sacrifice a camel, a cow, or a sheep if that is all that he can
manage."
Malik, when asked about a man who said to another, "I will carry you to the
House of Allah", answered, "If he intended to carry him on his shoulders, by
which he means hardship and exhaustion to himself, and does not have to do that,
let him walk by foot after a sacrifice. If he did not intend anything, let him
ride to hajj, and take the man with him. That is because he said, 'I will carry
you to the House of Allah.' If the man refuses to do hajj with him, then there
is nothing against him, and what is demanded of him is revoked."
Yahya said that Malik was asked whether it is enough for a man who has made a
vow that he will walk to the House of Allah a certain (large) number of times,
or who has forbidden himself from talking to his father and brother, if he does
not fulfil a certain vow, and he had taken upon himself, by the oath, something
which he is incapable of fulfilling in his lifetime, even though he were to try
every year, to fulfil only one or a (smaller) number of vows by Allah? Malik
said, "The only satisfaction I know for that is fulfilling what he has obliged
himself to do. Let him walk for as long as he is able and draw near Allah the
Exalted by what he can of good."
22.3 How to Fulfill the Oath of Walking to the Ka'ba
Yahya related to me from Malik that what he preferred of what he had heard
from the people of knowledge about a man or woman who vowed to walk to the House
of Allah, was that they fulfilled the oath when performing 'umra, by
walking until they had done sa'y between Safa and Marwa. When they had
done sa'y it was finished. If they vowed to perform the hajj on foot,
they walked until they came to Makka, then they walked until they had finished
all the rites.
Malik said, "Walking is only for hajj or 'umra."
22.4 Vows Not Permitted in Disobedience to Allah
6 Yahya related to me from Malik from that Humayd ibn Qays and Thawr ibn Zayd
ad-Dili both informed him that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and
grant him peace, (and one of them gave more detail than the other), saw a man
standing in the sun. The Messenger asked, "What is wrong with him?" The people
said, "He has vowed not to speak or to seek shade from the sun or to sit, and to
fast." The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said,
"Go and tell him to speak, seek shade, and sit, but let him complete his fast."
[mursal. Also in al-Bukhari]
Malik said, "I have not heard that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless
him and grant him peace, ordered the man in question to do any kaffara.
The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, only ordered
him to complete that in which there was obedience to Allah and to abandon that
in which there was disobedience to Allah."
7 Yahya related to me from Malik from Yahya ibn Sa'id that he heard al-Qasim
ibn Muhammad say, "A woman came to 'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas and said, 'I have vowed
to sacrifice my son.' Ibn 'Abbas said, 'Do not sacrifice your son. Do kaffara
for your oath.' An old man with Ibn 'Abbas said, 'What kaffara is there
for this?' Ibn 'Abbas said, 'Allah the Exalted says, "Those of you who say,
regarding their wives. 'Be as my mother's back'" (58:2) and then He went on to
oblige the kaffara for it as you have seen.'"
8 Yahya related to me from Malik from Talha ibn Abi al-Malik al-Ayli from
al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn as-Siddiq from 'A'isha that the Messenger of Allah,
may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, "Whoever vows to obey Allah, let
him obey Him. Whoever vows to disobey Allah, let him not disobey Him."
[In Bukhari]
Yahya said that he had heard Malik say, "The meaning of the statement of the
Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, 'Whoever vows to disobey
Allah, let him not disobey Him' is that for instance a man who vows that, if he
speaks to such-and-such a person, he will walk to Syria, Egypt, aror any other
such th for instance a man who vows that, if he speaks to such-and-such a
person, he will walk to Syria, Egypt, ar-Rabadha, or any other such things which
are not considered as 'ibada, is not under any obligation by any of that,
even if he were to speak to the man or to break whatever it was he swore,
because Allah does not demand obedience in such things. He should only fulfil
those things in which there is obedience to Allah."
22.5 Inadvertance in Oaths
9 Yahya related to me from Malik from Hisham ibn 'Urwa from his father that
'A'isha, Umm al-Muminin, said, "Inadvertance in oaths is that a man says, 'By
Allah! No, by Allah!' " i.e. out of habit.
Malik said, "The best of what I have heard on the matter is that inadvertant
oaths is when a man takes an oath on something which he feels certain is like he
said, only to find that it is other than what he said. This is rashness."
Malik said, "The binding oath is, for example, that a man says that he will
not sell his garment for ten dinars, and then he sells it for that, or that he
will beat his young slave and then does not beat him, and so on. One owes
kaffara for making such an oath, and there is no kaffara in
rashness."
Malik said, "As for the one who makes an oath about something, knowing that
he is acting wrongly, and he swears to a lie he knows to be a lie, in order to
please someone with it or to excuse himself to someone by it or to gain money by
it, no kaffara that he does for it can cover it."
22.6 Oaths for which Kaffara is Not Obligatory
10 Yahya related to me from Malik from Nafi' that 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar said,
"Whoever swears by Allah and then says, 'Allah willing' and then does not do
what he has sworn to, has not broken his oath."
Malik said, "The best I have heard on this reservation is that it belongs to
the statement made if the speaker does not break the normal flow of speech
before he is silent. If he is silent and breaks the flow of speech, he has no
such reservations."
Yahya said, "Malik said that a man who said that he had disbelieved or
associated something with Allah and then broke his oath, owed no kaffara,
and he was not a disbeliever or one who associated something with Allah unless
his heart concealed something of either of those. He should ask forgiveness of
Allah and not do that again - but what he did was evil."
22.7 Oaths for Which Kaffara is Obligatory
11 Yahya related to me from Malik from Suhayl ibn Abi Salih from his father
from Abu Hurayra that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him
peace, said, "Whoever makes an oath and then sees that something else would be
better than it, should do kaffara for his oath and do what is better."
Yahya said that he heard Malik say, "Anyone who makes the form of a vow and
then does not mention anything specific is still obliged to make the kaffara
for an oath (if he breaks it)."
Malik says, "Emphasis is when a man swears one thing several times, repeating
the oath in his speech time after time. For instance, the statement, 'By Allah,
I will not decrease it from such-and-such,' sworn three times or more. The
kaffara of that is like the kaffara of one oath. If a man swears, 'I
will not eat this food or wear these clothes or enter this house,' that is all
in one oath, and he is only obliged to do one kaffara. It is the same for
a man who says to his wife, 'You are divorced if I let you wear this garment or
let you go to the mosque,' and it is one entire statement in the normal pattern
of speech. If he breaks any of that oath, divorce is obliged, and there is no
breaking of oath after that in whatever he does. There is only one oath to be
broken in that."
Malik said, "What we do about a woman who makes a vow without her husband's
permission is that she is allowed to do so and she must fulfil it if it only
concerns her own person and will not harm her husband. If, however, it will harm
her husband, he may forbid her to fulfil it, but it remains an obligation
against her until she has the opportunity to complete it."
22.8 What is Done Regarding the Kaffara of the Broken Oath
12 Yahya related to me from Malik from Nafi' that 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar said,
"If someone breaks an oath which he has stressed, he has to free a slave, or
clothe ten poor people. If someone breaks an oath, but has not stressed it, he
only has to feed ten poor people and each poor person is fed a mudd of
wheat. Someone who does not have the means for that should fast for three days."
13 Yahya related to me from Malik from Nafi' that 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar used to
do kaffara for a broken oath by feeding ten poor people. Each person got
a mudd of wheat. He sometimes freed a slave if he had repeated the oath.
Yahya related to me from Malik from Yahya ibn Sa'id that Sulayman ibn Yasar
said, "I understood from people that when they made the kaffara for a
broken oath, they gave a mudd of wheat according to the smaller mudd.
They thought that such would compensate for them."
Malik said, "The best of what I have heard about the one who does kaffara
for breaking his oath by clothing people is that, if he clothes men, he clothes
them each in one garment. If he clothes women, he clothes them each in two
garments, a long shift and a long scarf, because that is what is satisfactory
for each of them in the prayer."
22.9 Oaths in General
14 Yahya related to me from Malik from Nafi' from 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar that
one time the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, was
speaking to 'Umar ibn al-Khattab while he was travelling in an expedition and
'Umar swore by his father. He (the Messenger) said, "Allah forbids you to swear
by your fathers. If anone swears, let him swear by Allah or keep silent."
[In Bukhari and Muslim]
15 Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard that the Messenger of
Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, used to say, "No, by the
Overturner of hearts."
[In Bukhari]
16 Yahya related to me from Malik from 'Uthman ibn Hafs ibn 'Umar ibn Khalda
that Ibn Shihab had heard that Abu Lubaba ibn 'Abd al-Mundhir, when Allah turned
to him, said, "Messenger of Allah, should I leave my people's house in which I
committed wrong action and keep your company, and give away all my property as
sadaqa for Allah and His Messenger?" The Messenger of Allah, may Allah
bless him and grant him peace, said, "Giving away a third of it is enough for
you."
17 Yahya related to me from Malik from Ayyub ibn Musa from Mansur ibn 'Abd ar-Rahman
al-Hajabi from, his mother that 'A'isha, Umm al-Muminin, may Allah be pleased
with her, was asked about a man who devoted his property to the door of the
Ka'ba. She said, "Let him do kaffara for it with the kaffara of
the oath."
Malik said that someone who devoted all his property in the way of Allah, and
then broke his oath, should put a third of his property in the way of Allah, as
that was what the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace,
did in the case of Abu Lubaba.
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